Electronic Instrumentation Articles:
This Electronic Instrumentation Articles which includes the following topics:
- Introduction to Electronics Instrumentation
- Static Characteristics of Measuring Instruments
- Errors in Measurement
- Types of Static Error and Sources of Error
- Dynamic Characteristics in Qualities of Measurement
- Statistical Analysis of Measurement Data
- Different Types of Standards of Measurement
- Atomic frequency standards and clocks
- Different Types of Ammeters and Voltmeters
- Working Principle of D Arsonval Galvanometer
- Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument (PMMC)
- Practical PMMC Movement
- Taut Band Instrument
- Electrodynamometer Instrument
- Moving Iron Instrument
- Concentric Vane Repulsion Type Moving Iron Instrument
- Digital Display System
- What is the use of Light Emitting Diode (LED)?
- What is Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)?
- Gas Discharge Plasma Display
- 7 Segment Display using Gaseous Discharge
- 7 Segment Led Display Working Principle
- 5×7 Dot Matrix Led Display Character Patterns
- Incandescent Display using 16 Segment
- Structure of Electrophoretic Image Display (EPID)
- Structure of Liquid Vapour Display (LVD)
- Classification of Printers
- DC Ammeter
- Thermocouple Principle and Types of Thermocouple
- Various Factors of Frequency Effect on Calibration
- Measurements of very Large Currents by Thermocouples
- DC Meter
- Transistor Voltmeter (TVM)
- Chopper type DC Amplifier Voltmeter (Microvoltmeter)
- Solid State Voltmeter
- Differential Voltmeter
- DC Standard Differential Voltmeter
- AC Voltmeter using Rectifiers
- AC Voltmeter using Half wave Rectifier | AC Voltmeter using Full wave Rectifier | Multirange AC Voltmeter
- Average Responding Voltmeter and Peak Responding Voltmeter
- True RMS Voltmeter
- Considerations in Choosing an Analog Voltmeter
- Series Type Ohmmeter
- Multirange Ohmmeter
- Working Principle of Multimeter
- Digital Voltmeters Features and Characteristics
- Ramp Technique of Digital Voltmeter
- Dual Slope Integrating Type DVM
- Integrating Type DVM (Voltage to Frequency Conversion)
- Principles of ADC (Analog to Digital Conversion)
- Successive Approximation Type DVM
- Continuous Balance DVM
- Microprocessor Based Ramp Type DVM
- What is a Digital Instrument?
- Working Principle of Digital Multimeter
- Digital Frequency Meter
- Digital Measurement of Time
- Universal Counter Timer
- Decade Counter Circuit
- Different Modes of Operation of Electronic Counter
- Digital Measurement of Frequency (Mains)
- Automation in Digital Instruments
- Digital Phase Meter Block Diagram and Working Principle
- Digital Capacitance Meter Block Diagram
- Microprocessor Based Instruments
- IEEE 488 Bus Block Diagram
- Introduction to Oscilloscopes
- What is Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) of an Oscilloscope?
- CRT Features
- What is the Principle of Sweep Generator?
- Block Diagram of Oscilloscope
- Block Diagram of CRO
- Vertical Amplifier
- Horizontal Deflection System in CRO
- Triggered Sweep CRO
- Trigger Pulse Generator Circuit
- Delay Line in Triggered Sweep Circuit
- High Frequency CRT or Travelling Wave Type CRT
- Dual Beam CRO Block Diagram and Working Principle
- Dual Trace Oscilloscope
- What is Electronic Switch in Oscilloscope?
- What is Sampling Oscilloscope?
- Storage Oscilloscope
- Digital Readout Oscilloscope
- Frequency Measurement by Lissajous Method
- Spot Wheel Method for Frequency Measurement
- Gear Wheel Method for Frequency Measurement
- Setup for Diode Testing in Oscilloscope
- Measure of Capacitance and Inductance in Oscilloscope
- Oscilloscope as a Bridge Null Detector
- Probes for CRO
- Attenuators
- Applications of Oscilloscope
- What is Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)?
- Fibre Optic CRT Recording Oscilloscope
- Oscilloscope Operating Precautions
- What is Signal Generator?
- Standard Signal Generator Block Diagram and Working Principle
- Modern Laboratory Signal Generator Block Diagram and its Working
- AF Sine and Square Wave Generator
- Function Generator Block Diagram
- Pulse and Square Wave Generator Block Diagram
- Random Noise Generator Block Diagram and its Working
- Block Diagram of Sweep Generator
- RF Signal Generator
- Marker Generator
- Video Test Pattern Generator
- Color Bar Generator
- Circuit Connections for Producing a Vectrogram and Lissajous Pattern
- Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO)
- What is Wave Analyzer?
- Frequency Selective Wave Analyzer
- Heterodyne Wave Analyzer
- Harmonic Distortion Analyzer
- Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
- Digital Fourier Analyzer
- FFT Spectrum Analyzer
- Output Power Meter Working Principle
- Field Strength Meter (Transistor) Circuit
- Stroboscope Working Principle
- What is Phase Sensitive Detector or Phase Meter Circuit?
- Vector Impedance Meter (Direct Reading)
- Q Meter
- LCR Bridge
- RX Meter Circuit in Measuring Instruments
- Automatic Bridge Circuit
- Transistor Tester and its characteristics
- Megger Circuit Diagram
- pH Measurement Methods
- Wheatstone Bridge Diagram
- Kelvins Bridge and Kelvins Double Bridge
- Bridge Controlled Error Detection
- Block Diagram of Wheatstones Bridge with Digital Readout
- Comparison Bridge
- Maxwell Bridge Theory
- Hays Bridge Circuit
- Measurement of Capacitance using Schering Bridge
- Wien Bridge Circuit Diagram
- Wagner Ground Connection
- Detectors Types
- Definition of Recorder
- Strip Chart Recorder Working Principle
- Galvanometer Type Recorder
- Null Type Recorder Working Principle
- Circular Chart Recorder Working Principle
- XY Recorder Working
- Magnetic Tape Recorder Working Principle
- Frequency Modulation Recording
- Digital Data Recording System
- Potentiometric Recorder Working Principle (Multipoint)
- Digital Memory Waveform Recorder (DWR)
- Strip Chart Recorder Application
- Electrical Transducer
- Resistive Transducer
- Resistive Position Transducer
- Strain Gauge Factor Derivation
- Types of Strain Gauge Transducer
- Resistance Thermometer Working Principle
- Thermistor Working Principle
- What is an Inductive Transducer?
- Differential Output Transducer
- Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
- Pressure Inductive Transducer
- Capacitive Pressure Transducer Working Principle
- Strain Gauge Load Cell Working Principle
- Working Principle of Piezoelectric Transducer
- Photoelectric Transducer Working Principle
- What is a Photodiode?
- What is a Temperature Transducer?
- Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
- Platinum Resistance Thermometer
- Thermocouple Connection
- Semiconductor Temperature Sensing Diode
- LM335 IC Temperature Sensor
- Pyrometer Working Principle
- Optical Pyrometer Working Principle
- Ultrasonic Transducer
- Flow Measurement (Mechanical Transducers)
- Magnetic Flow Meters
- Turbine Flow Meter Working Principle
- Measurements of Thickness using Beta Gauge
- Signal Conditioning System
- What is an Operational Amplifier?
- Closed Loop Gain of Non Inverting Amplifier
- Negative Feedback Op Amp
- Integrator using Op Amp
- Differentiator using Op Amp
- Summing Amplifier Circuit Diagram
- Op Amp Comparator Circuit
- Instrumentation Amplifier Circuit
- Instrumentation System Block Diagram
- Differential Instrumentation Amplifier Transducer Bridge
- Chopper Type DC Amplifier
- What is Electromechanical Chopper?
- Self Oscillating Converter (Transistorized Chopper Circuit)
- Magnetic Modulator
- Diode Bridge Type Modulator with Transformer Coupling
- Transistor Chopper Circuit
- Varactor Diode Symbol
- Synchronous Vibrator and Synchronous Chopper
- What is a Filter Circuit?
- What are Passive Filters?
- Types of Filters in Electronics
- Classification of Active Filters
- Low Pass Filter Circuits
- Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter Derivation
- First Order High Pass Butterworth Filter Derivation
- Second Order High Pass Butterworth Filter Derivation
- Higher Order Filter Design
- Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram
- Band Reject Filter Circuit
- All Pass Filter Design
- Universal Active Filter using Op Amp
- Types of Active Filters
- Introduction to Digital Filtering
- Properties of Linear Digital Filters
- Sampling Theorem Formula
- What is Digital System?
- Frequency Domain Representation
- Fast Fourier Transform Formula
- FIR 1-D Digital Filter Design (The Window Method)
- IIR Digital Filter Design Methods
- IIR Filter Design
- Digital Filtering Processor
- Typical Digital Filtering Operations
- Bandpass Analysis
- Modern Radar Systems Analysis
- CT Scan Working Principle
- Microwave Power Measurement Techniques
- Resonant Coaxial Wavemeter
- Simple Cylindrical Cavity Wavemeter
- RF UHF field strength meter circuit
- Sensitivity Measurement Definition
- Selectivity Measurement Receiver
- Nonlinear Distortion Measurements
- CCIF Intermodulation Distortion
- Audio Amplifier Frequency Response
- Modulation Frequency Definition
- Radio Frequency Modulation
- Measuring Amplitude Modulation
- Data Acquisition System
- Signal Conditioning of Inputs
- Single Channel Data Acquisition System
- Multi Channel Data Acquisition System
- Computer Based Data Acquisition System
- Variable Resistor Network
- Ladder Type Converter D/A
- Binary Ladder Circuits
- Digital to Analog Converter Circuit Diagram
- Weighted Converter Using Transistor Switches
- DA Converter Working Principle
- Data Loggers Function
- Data Logger Operation
- Data Logger Summary
- Compact Data Logger
- Sensors Based Computer Data Systems
- Electromechanical AD Converter
- Types of Encoders in Digital Electronics
- Data Transmission
- Data Transmission System
- Digital Communication System
- Time Division Multiplexing
- Pulse Modulation
- Pulse Amplitude Modulation
- Pulse Time Modulation
- Pulse Width Modulation
- Pulse Position Modulation
- Pulse Code Modulation
- Delta Modulation
- Pulse Wave Code Format
- Modem Definition
- Primary Standard
- Precision Frequency Standard
- Bolometer
- Heat Capacity of Calorimeter
- Measurement of Power Transmission Lines
- Standing Wave Ratio Measurements
- Basic Automatic Control
- Step Function Response
- On Off Controller
- Proportional Controller
- Define Offset Error
- Analog Electronics Process Controllers
- Temperature Controls
- Choice of Electronic Signal Transmission
- Direct Digital Control
- Digital Process Control
- Cascade Control
- PLC Definition
- PLC Structure
- PLC System Operation
- PLC Applications
- Relays Definition
- PLC Register
- Timer
- Symbol Counter
- DC Inputs
- AC Input
- Master Control
- PLC Programming Languages
- PLC Basic Process
- PLC Hardware
- PLC Components
- PLC Operation
- Basis of PLC Programming
- PLC Hardware Components
- Distributed Control System
- DCS System
- TDC 3000 Architecture
- Microprocessor Based DCS
- Digital Tachometer Working Principle
- Working Principle of Digital pH Meter | Block Diagram
- Fully Automatic Digital Instrument
- Various CRT Connections and Controls in CRO Panel
- Delayed Sweep Oscilloscope
- Microprocessor Controlled Bridge
- AC Wheatstone Bridge
- Resonance Bridge for Measurement of Inductance or Capacitance
- Photovoltaic Cell Working Principle and Types of Photovoltaic Cells
- Phototransistor Construction and Working Principle
- Platinum Thin Film RTD Sensors
- Frequency Generating Transducer
- Reluctance Pulse Pick up Transducer
- Solid State Modulator/Demodulator Circuit
- Photo Optical Modulator
- Recursive and Non Recursive Realisation