Electronics Engineering Articles:

This Electronics Engineering Articles which includes the following topics:

Electronics Engineering

  1. Gate Turn Off Thyristor (GTO) – Symbol, Operations and Applications
  2. Types of Power Supply in Electronics
  3. What is Voltage and Current?
  4. What is Active Components and Passive Components?
  5. What is Resistor in Electronics?
  6. What is Inductor in Electronics?
  7. What is Capacitor in Electronics?
  8. Zero Reference Level in Electronics Engineering
  9. Single Mesh and Multi Mesh Network
  10. Rutherford Nuclear Model of Atomic Structure
  11. Motion of Charged Particle in Electric Field
  12. What is Electron Volt?
  13. What is Current Density?
  14. Two Dimensional Motion in a Uniform Electric Field
  15. Force in a Magnetic Field
  16. Motion of an Electron in a Magnetic Field
  17. Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
  18. Explain Bohr’s Atomic Model
  19. Electron Orbits and Energy Levels
  20. What is Electron Emission?
  21. What is Thermionic Emission?
  22. What is Secondary Emission?
  23. Field Emission or Cold Cathode Emission
  24. What is Photoelectric Emission and Laws of Photoelectric Emission?
  25. What is Cathode or Emitter and Types of Cathode?
  26. What is Vacuum Diode, Construction, Working and Applications
  27. Vacuum Triode, Construction and Working
  28. Construction of Vacuum Tetrode, Working and Applications
  29. Construction and Working of Vacuum Pentode
  30. Classification of Gas Filled Tubes
  31. Explain Conduction in Gas
  32. Explain Cold Cathode Gas Filled Diode
  33. Construction of Phanotron
  34. Thyratron Working Principle
  35. Elemental Semiconductor Materials
  36. Compound Semiconductor Materials
  37. What is Crystalline Structure?
  38. Energy Band Theory of Crystals
  39. Energy Band Diagram of Semiconductors, Insulators and Metals
  40. Drift Current and Diffusion Current in Semiconductor
  41. What is Atomic Bonds and Types?
  42. Fermi Dirac Function in Semiconductor
  43. What is Intrinsic Semiconductor?
  44. What is Extrinsic Semiconductor?
  45. Mass Action Law in Semiconductor
  46. Charge Densities in Extrinsic Semiconductor
  47. Relaxation Time, Collision Time and Mean Free Path
  48. Explain Conductivity of Metals
  49. Explain Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors
  50. Carrier Concentration in Intrinsic Semiconductor
  51. Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductor
  52. Carrier Lifetime in Semiconductor
  53. Continuity Equation in Semiconductor
  54. What is Hall Effect in Semiconductor?
  55. Basic Structure of PN Junction in Semiconductor
  56. Equilibrium Conditions in Semiconductor Physics
  57. Charge Neutrality Equation in Semiconductor
  58. Space Charge Region at a Junction
  59. Zero bias PN junction
  60. Metal Semiconductor Junctions
  61. Explain Steady State Conditions in Semiconductor
  62. Diode Failure Modes and Causes
  63. Breakdown Voltage of PN Junction Diode
  64. What is an Ideal Diode – Working and its V-I Characteristics
  65. Current Components in PN Junction Diode
  66. Quantitative Theory of PN Junction Diode
  67. Terminal Characteristics of Junction Diodes
  68. Determination of Diode Characteristics
  69. Effect of temperature on PN diode characteristics
  70. What is Diode Resistance?
  71. What is Real Diode?
  72. Up Down Circuit Analysis
  73. Series Diode Configurations with DC Inputs
  74. Diode as a Circuit Element
  75. Transition and Diffusion Capacitance
  76. Equivalent Circuit of a Diode
  77. PN Diode Switching Times
  78. Switching Diode in Electronics
  79. PN Junction Diode Applications
  80. Construction and Working of Zener Diode
  81. Zener Diode Application
  82. Tunnel Diode Construction and Working
  83. Point Contact Diode Construction and Working
  84. What is Step Recovery Diode? – Working and Applications
  85. Fast Recovery Diode (FRD)
  86. What is Schottky Diode? – Definition, Symbols and Construction
  87. What is Backward Diode?
  88. Power Diode – Structure, Symbol, Characteristics and Types
  89. Varistors or Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDRS)
  90. What is a thermistor? – Definition, Symbol and V-I Characteristics
  91. Baritt diode – Working and Applications
  92. What is Surge Current? – Definition and Workings
  93. What is Bleeder Resistor? – Working and Its Functions
  94. Voltage Multipliers – Voltage Doublers, Triplers and Quadruplers
  95. Three Phase Rectifiers
  96. Transistor Construction
  97. Transistor Terminals (Emitter, Collector and Base)
  98. Transistor Action : Operation of PNP Transistor
  99. What is Transistor Biasing? – Types of Biasing
  100. Important Points Regarding Working of Transistors
  101. Explain Transistor Current Components
  102. Current Amplification Factor
  103. Base Spreading Resistance
  104. Ebers Moll Model for PNP Transistor
  105. Transistor Circuit Configurations (CB, CE, CC)
  106. Early Effect and Base Width Modulation
  107. Transistor as an Amplifier – Circuit Diagram and Its Workings
  108. Transistor Load Line Analysis (DC and AC Load Line and Q Point)
  109. Transistor Lead Identification and Testing
  110. How to use a Transistor as a Diode – Working and Equation
  111. What is Thermal Runaway and Heat Sink?
  112. Transistor approximation (Ideal, Second and Higher)
  113. DC Equivalent Circuit of Transistor
  114. What is BJT Beta Rule?
  115. Leakage Current in a Transistor and Breakdown Voltage
  116. Hybrid Parameters of Transistor or h Parameters and Hybrid Model
  117. Transistor Hybrid Model
  118. Experimental Determination of Hybrid Parameters
  119. Determination of h Parameters from Static Characteristics
  120. Variations of Hybrid Parameters of a Transistor
  121. Conversion of Hybrid Parameters in Transistor Three Configurations
  122. Block Diagram of a General Purpose CRO and its workings
  123. What is Focusing Device in Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and why it is required?
  124. Basic Controls of CRO
  125. Display of Electrical signals by Oscilloscope
  126. Basic Oscilloscope Patterns
  127. Analog Storage Oscilloscope Block Diagram and Its Workings
  128. What is a Digital Integrated Circuit?
  129. What is Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL) Circuit?
  130. What is Diode Transistor Logic (DTL) Circuit?
  131. What is Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) Circuit?
  132. What is Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) Circuit?
  133. Integrated Injection Logic (IIL) Circuit
  134. What is Tristate Logic or Three State Logic Circuit?
  135. TTL Characteristics and other TTL Series
  136. Comparison of Logic Families
  137. Decimal Number System (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
  138. Binary Number System (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
  139. Signed Binary Numbers (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
  140. What is Double Precision System?
  141. What is a Floating Point Number?
  142. Octal Number System (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
  143. Hexadecimal Number System (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
  144. What is Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Code?
  145. What is Excess-3 Code? (Definition and Examples)
  146. What is Gray code? (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
  147. What is Alphanumeric Codes? – ASCII code, EBCDIC Code
  148. Regulated and Unregulated Power Supply
  149. Characteristics of Regulated Power Supply
  150. Series Voltage Regulator – Block Diagram and Working Principle
  151. Transistor Series Voltage Regulator or Emitter Follower Voltage Regulator
  152. Controlled Transistor Series Regulator or Negative Feedback Regulator
  153. Controlled Transistor Series Regulator with Short Circuit Protection
  154. Shunt Voltage Regulator Block Diagram
  155. Op Amp Regulators
  156. IC Voltage Regulators
  157. Three Terminal IC Voltage Regulators – Block Diagram
  158. Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators
  159. Fixed Negative Voltage Regulator
  160. Adjustable Voltage Regulators
  161. LM340 Series Voltage Regulator
  162. What is Current Limiting Protection?
  163. What is Current Foldback?
  164. What is Current Boosting in Voltage Regulator?
  165. What is Dual Power Supply? -Circuit Diagram and its Workings
  166. Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) or Switching Regulators
  167. Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) – Construction and Working Principle
  168. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) – Block Diagram and its Workings
  169. Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)
  170. OTA Voltage Amplifier Circuit Diagram
  171. OTA as Programmable Resistor, Grounded Resistor and Floating Resistor
  172. OTA Adder (Summer) and OTA Lossy Integrator
  173. OTA Based Ground Inductor and Floating Inductor
  174. OTA in Sample and Hold Circuits
  175. What is Current Conveyors (CCs)?
  176. What is Clipper Circuit? – Definition and Classification
  177. Diode Clipping Circuit – Types and Applications
  178. Transistor Clipper Circuit and Waveforms
  179. Emitter Coupled Clipper Circuit
  180. What is Comparator in Electronics? – Classification and Applications
  181. Diode Clamping Circuit – Positive and Negative Clamping
  182. Clamping Circuit Theorem
  183. Peak to Peak Detector – Working Principle and Applications
  184. Time Base Generator – Working Principle and Types
  185. Methods of Sweep Voltage Generation
  186. Sawtooth Voltage Generator Circuit Diagram and Waveforms
  187. Miller Sweep Circuit and Miller Bootstrap Sweep Circuit
  188. Transistor Current Sweep Circuit
  189. Sweep Frequency Generator – Block Diagram and its Workings
  190. Classification of Pulse Signals
  191. Pulse Characteristics and Terminology
  192. What is Waveshaping? – Types
  193. Shifted Unit Step Function
  194. What is Optoelectronic Devices?
  195. What is Photoelectric Effect?
  196. What is Wave Particle Duality?
  197. Optical Absorption in Electronics
  198. Photon Absorption Coefficient
  199. Luminescence – Definition and Types
  200. Photoconductivity – Definition, Working and its Applications
  201. Photodetectors – Definition and Applications
  202. Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) – Definition, Construction, Workings and Applications
  203. Pin Photodiode – Definition, Working and Applications
  204. Avalanche Photodiode – Definition, Basic Structure and Workings
  205. Photoemissive cells or Tubes – Working Principle and Types
  206. IR Emitters or Infrared-emitting diodes
  207. Light Emitting Materials
  208. Heterojunction Lasers – Definition, Construction and Workings
  209. Cold Cathode Display or Nixie Tube – Operation and Characteristics
  210. Visual Display Units (VDUs)
  211. What is Analog Signal and Digital Signal?
  212. Basic Elements of Digital Communication System
  213. Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Communication
  214. Digital Modulation Techniques
  215. Monochrome TV Transmitter – Block Diagram and its Workings
  216. Facsimile (FAX) Machine – Definition, Operation and Applications
  217. Types of Sampling Techniques
  218. What is Oscillator? – Types of Oscillators
  219. Operation of Oscillator Circuit
  220. What are the Essential Components of an Oscillator?
  221. Frequency Stability of Oscillator
  222. Types of Transistor Oscillators
  223. LC Oscillator Circuit – Definition, Types and Equation
  224. Tuned Collector Oscillator – Definition, Working and Equation
  225. Tuned Drain Oscillator – Circuit Diagram and Equation
  226. Tuned Base Oscillator – Definition and Working Principle
  227. Franklin Oscillator Circuit Diagram
  228. Colpitts Oscillator using Transistor Circuit
  229. Clapp Oscillator – Circuit Diagram and Operation
  230. Hartley Oscillator using Transistor Analysis
  231. Crystal Oscillators – Circuit, Working, Advantages and Disadvantages
  232. Negative Resistance Oscillators – Working and Types
  233. Selection of Oscillator
  234. Selection of Operating Point in Transistor Biasing
  235. Bias Stability Factor of Transistor
  236. Fixed Bias Circuit Diagram – Advantages and Disadvantages
  237. Simple Biasing Circuit Diagram
  238. Emitter Bias Circuit Diagram
  239. Self Bias or Potential Divider Bias Circuit
  240. Base Bias with Collector Feedback Circuit
  241. Base Bias Circuit With Collector and Emitter Feedback
  242. Two Supply Emitter Bias Circuit
  243. Various Bias Compensation Methods
  244. Thermal Resistance – Definition, Circuit Diagram and Equation
  245. Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) – Construction, Symbols and Operation
  246. Advantages and Disadvantages of JFET
  247. FET Configurations
  248. JFET Temperature Effects
  249. JFET as an Amplifier
  250. Parameters of JFET
  251. DC Load Line and Bias Point of FET Circuit.
  252. FET Biasing Methods – Fixed Bias, Self Bias, Potential Divider Bias and Current Source Bias
  253. Small Signal Model of FET
  254. Common Source JFET Amplifier with AC Equivalent Circuit
  255. Common Drain JFET Amplifier or Source Follower
  256. Common Gate JFET Amplifier and its AC Equivalent Circuit
  257. Generalized FET Amplifier Circuit
  258. Applications of FETs (Field Effect Transistors)
  259. FET as a Voltage Variable Resistor (VVR)
  260. Metal Insulator Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MISFETs)
  261. Depletion Type MOSFET – Construction, Operation and Characteristics
  262. Small Signal Model of MOSFET
  263. Enhancement Type MOSFET – Construction, Operation and Characteristics
  264. What is MOSFET Resistor?
  265. What is MOS Capacitor?
  266. Dual Gate MOSFET – N Channel Depletion Type MOSFET
  267. N Channel Power MOSFETs or V-MOSFET or V-FET
  268. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
  269. What is MOSFET Handling?
  270. What is Single Stage Transistor Amplifier? – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
  271. Phase Reversal in Single Stage Transistor Amplifier
  272. Classification of Amplifiers
  273. Explain Distortion in Amplifier? | Types of Amplifier Distortion
  274. Noise in Amplifiers and its Types
  275. What is Frequency Response of an Amplifier?
  276. Millers Theorem and its Equivalent Circuit
  277. Low Frequency Response of BJT Amplifier
  278. Low Frequency Response of FET Amplifier
  279. Effect of Internal Transistor Capacitance
  280. Miller Effect in Amplifier Frequency Response
  281. What is Multistage Amplifier? – Types, Block Diagram and Analysis
  282. n Stage Cascaded Amplifier
  283. Frequency Response of RC Coupled Amplifier
  284. Step Response of an Amplifier
  285. RC Coupled Transistor Amplifier – Operations, Derivation and Applications
  286. What is Low Frequency Compensation?
  287. Transformer Coupled Transistor Amplifier – Working Principle
  288. Impedance Coupled Transistor Amplifier
  289. Direct Coupled Transistor Amplifier – Operations and Equivalent Circuit
  290. Cascaded FET Amplifier Circuit Diagram
  291. Cascode Amplifier or CE-CB Configuration
  292. Classification of Power Amplifiers
  293. Various Stages in a Practical Power Amplifier and Block Diagram
  294. Class A Power Amplifiers (Direct Coupled with Resistive Load)
  295. Transformer Coupled Class A Power Amplifier
  296. Class B Power Amplifier – Operation and Efficiency derivation
  297. Harmonic Distortion in Power Amplifier – Waveform and Derivation
  298. Class C Power Amplifiers – Circuit Diagram, Operation and Applications
  299. Class AB Power Amplifier Working Principle
  300. Class D Power Amplifiers – Circuit Diagram, Operation and Applications
  301. Push Pull Amplifier – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
  302. Class A Push Pull Amplifier – Working Principle, Advantages & Disadvantages
  303. Class B Push Pull Amplifier – Circuit Diagram, Operation and Derivation
  304. What is Crossover Distortion and how to eliminate it?
  305. Class AB Push Pull Amplifier – Circuit Diagram, Operation and Drawbacks
  306. Phase Splitter Circuit for Push Pull Power Amplifiers (or Phase Inverter)
  307. Complementary Symmetry Push Pull Amplifier
  308. Quasi Complementary Push Pull Amplifier
  309. Tuned Amplifiers – Definition, Classification and Advantages
  310. Single Tuned Amplifier – Circuit Operation and Limitations
  311. Fet Tuned Amplifier – Circuit Diagram and Frequency Response
  312. Double Tuned Amplifier – Circuit Diagram and Operation
  313. Large Signal Tuned Amplifier – Operation and its Equivalent Circuit
  314. Stagger Tuned Amplifier – Circuit diagram and its Workings
  315. Voltage Amplifier – Definition and Equivalent Circuit
  316. Current Amplifier – Definition and Equivalent Circuit
  317. Transconductance Amplifier – Definition and Equivalent Circuit
  318. Transresistance Amplifier – Definition and Equivalent Circuit
  319. Feedback Amplifier – Block Diagram, Definition, Operation and Types
  320. Advantages of Negative Feedback Amplifier
  321. Characteristics of Negative Feedback Amplifiers
  322. Effect of Negative Feedback on Input Impedance
  323. Effect of Negative Feedback on Output Impedance
  324. Effect of Negative Feedback on Bandwidth
  325. Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier Circuit
  326. Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier Circuit
  327. Current Series Feedback Amplifier Circuit
  328. Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier Circuit
  329. Emitter Follower Circuit – Operation, Advantages and Applications
  330. Emitter Follower at High Frequencies
  331. Darlington Amplifier – Circuit Diagram, Characteristics, Merits and Applications
  332. Darlington Pair Transistor – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
  333. Bootstrapped Darlington Circuit Operation and its Equivalent Circuit
  334. Feedback Pair Connection – Operation and its Equivalent Circuit
  335. Dual Input Balanced Output Differential Amplifier
  336. Dual Input Unbalanced Output Differential Amplifier
  337. Single Input Balanced Output Differential Amplifier
  338. Single Input Unbalanced Output Differential Amplifier
  339. Swamping Resistor in Differential Amplifier
  340. Constant Current Source in Differential Amplifier
  341. Constant Current Bias in Differential Amplifier
  342. What is Current Mirror? – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
  343. Cascaded Differential Amplifier Working Principle
  344. JFET Differential Amplifier – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
  345. Voltage Level Translator (Level Shifter)
  346. Output Stage of an Op Amp and its Voltage Transfer Characteristics
  347. Basic Block Diagram of Communication System
  348. Classification of Communication
  349. Modulation – Definition, Types and Need for Modulation
  350. Signal Definition and Classification of Signals
  351. Types of Amplitude Modulation (AM)
  352. Vestigial Sideband Modulation System (VSB)
  353. Block Diagram of AM Transmitter
  354. Collector Modulation Circuit – Working, Advantages and Disadvantages
  355. Base Modulation Circuit Working Principle
  356. Emitter Modulation – Circuit Diagram and its Operation
  357. Square Law Diode Modulator – Circuit Diagram and its V-I Characteristics
  358. Generation of DSBSC Signal using Balanced and Ring Modulator
  359. Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)
  360. What is Demodulation or Detection? – Need of demodulation
  361. Amplitude Detection Process
  362. Square Law Detector Circuit and Working Principle
  363. Linear Diode Detector or Envelope Detector
  364. Transistor Detector Circuit Working Principle
  365. Simple Slope Detector – Circuit diagram and its Characteristics
  366. Balanced Slope Detector – Working, Advantages and Disadvantages
  367. Foster Seeley Detector – Circuit Diagram, Working and its Phasor Diagram
  368. Radio Communication System – Block Diagram and types
  369. Satellite Communication System – Definition, Block Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages
  370. Active and Passive Satellite
  371. Digital Satellite Communication – Definition and Advantages
  372. Cellular Mobile Radio System – Structure and its Workings
  373. Operation and Power Control of Cellular Systems
  374. What is Thyristor? – Thyristor Family and its Applications
  375. SCR as Half Wave Rectifier Circuit Diagram
  376. SCR as Full Wave Rectifier Circuit Diagram
  377. What is DIAC? – Symbol, Construction, Operation and Applications
  378. Shockley Diode Equation, Symbol, Operation and Applications
  379. Gate Controlled Switch (GCS) Circuit – Operation and Advantages
  380. Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS) – Symbol, Operation, Advantages and Application
  381. Light Activated SCR (LASCR) – Symbol, Construction and Operation
  382. Power BJT – Construction, Operation and its Characteristics
  383. UJT Triggering of SCR Working Principle
  384. UJT Relaxation Oscillator – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
  385. UJT as Over Voltage Detector Circuit Diagram
  386. What is a Power Converter?
  387. Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load and Inductive Load
  388. Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier (or Converter)
  389. Single Phase Dual Converter Circuit Diagram with Four Quadrant of Operation
  390. Three Phase Converter Circuit
  391. Step up Chopper – Definition, Circuit Diagram and its Working Principle
  392. Step up Step down Chopper or Buck Boost Converter – Working Principle
  393. Step Down Chopper with RLE Load Working Principle
  394. AC Regulator – Definition and Classification
  395. Three Phase Cycloconverter – Types, Working and Applications
  396. Inverter – Definition and Classification of Inverters
  397. Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter
  398. High Pass RC Circuit Diagram, Derivation and Application
  399. RC High Pass Circuit as Differentiator
  400. Low Pass RC Circuit Diagram, Derivation and Application
  401. RC Integrator Circuit Diagram and its Application
  402. Double Differentiation – Derivation
  403. What is Switching Circuit?
  404. Transistor as a Switch Circuit Diagram and Working
  405. Switching Characteristics of Power MOSFET
  406. Multivibrator definition and Types (Astable, Monostable and Bistable)
  407. Astable Multivibrator Definition and its Working
  408. Monostable Multivibrator – Operation, Types and Application
  409. Bistable Multivibrator – Working and Types
  410. Commutating Capacitor in Bistable Multivibrator or Speed up Capacitor
  411. Triggering in Digital Electronics | Types
  412. Blocking Oscillator – Definition, Operation and Types
  413. Op Amp IC 741 Pin Diagram and its Working
  414. CMRR of Op Amp Formula (Common Mode Rejection Ratio)
  415. Op Amp Differential Amplifier Circuit Diagram and its Operation
  416. Differential Amplifier with two Op Amps
  417. Differential Amplifier With Three OP Amp
  418. Differential Input and Differential Output Amplifier
  419. Single Stage Amplifier Frequency Response and Phase Response Curves
  420. Compensating Network in Op Amp
  421. Frequency Response of Common Mode Gain of Differential Amplifier
  422. Summing, Scaling and Averaging Amplifier
  423. Voltage to Current Converter Circuit
  424. Current to Voltage Converter Circuit
  425. Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) Circuit
  426. Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS) Circuit
  427. Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS) Circuit
  428. Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS) Circuit