Phase Comparator Circuit: Phase Comparator Circuit technique is the most widely used for all practical directional, distance, differential and carrier relays. If the two input signals are S1 and S2 the output occurs when the…
Static Amplitude Comparator: If the two input signals are S1 and S2 the amplitude comparator gives positive (yes) output only if S2/S1 ≤ K (Fig. (11.1)), S1 is the operating quantity and S2 is the restraining…
Zero Crossing Detector Circuit: Zero Crossing Detector Circuit basically involves the sine to square wave conversion by a level detector circuit followed by a pulse circuit, which consists of one shot monostable circuit or a…
Sampling Circuits: Sampling Circuits is one which allows a comparison of instantaneous values derived at different instants of time, thereby dispensing with the need to phase shift and mix signals derived from the primary line…
Summation Device: Summation transformers and sequence networks as already discussed can combine a number of electrical quantities into a single quantity. The operational amplifier is commonly used as a mixer or summer and the Summation…
Square Wave Generators: Diode clippers can be used to remove the curved portion of the sinusoidal wave to give square waves. The operational amplifier together with an integrator, can be used to generate a square…
Smoothing Circuits: The rectified a.c. consists of a series of undirectional half waves of current or voltage. It is generally desirable to smooth this output. The various filters used for Smoothing Circuits are the conventional…
Logic Circuit in Static Relay: The concept of Logic Circuit in Static Relay can be better understood by considering the logic operations performed by the devices rather than the actual happenings that occur during their…
Thyristor in Static Relay: The structure of Thyristor in Static Relay consists of four alternate p-and n-type layers. In the thyristor (also called a silicon controlled rectifier—SCR) connections are made available to the inner layers.…
Unijunction Transistor in Static Relay: Unijunction Transistor in Static Relay is a three terminal device with only one pn-junction. It is made up of n-type silicon wafer having two base controls and a p-type alloy…
