Electromagnetic Spectrum: In an earth environment, electromagnetic waves propagate in ways that depend not only on their own properties but also on those of the environment itself; some of this was seen in the preceding…
Diffraction of radio waves: Diffraction of radio waves is yet another property shared with optics and concerns itself with the behaviour of electromagnetic waves, as affected by the presence of small slits in a conducting…
Interference of Electromagnetic Waves: Interference of Electromagnetic Waves occurs when two waves that left one source and travelled by different paths arrive at a point. This happens very often in high-frequency sky-wave propagation and in…
Refraction of Waves: As with light, Refraction of Waves takes place when electromagnetic waves pass from one propagating medium to a medium having a different density. This situation causes the wavefront to acquire a new…
Reflection of Waves: There is much similarity between the reflection of light by a mirror and the reflection of electromagnetic waves by a conducting medium. In both instances the angle of reflection is equal to…
Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Waves: Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Waves are energy propagated through free space at the velocity of light, which is approximately 300 meters per microsecond. As the object travelled downward, there would be a path…
Choke Balun: A Choke Balun, or balance-to-unbalance transformer, is a circuit element used to connect a balanced line to an unbalanced line or antenna. Or, as is perhaps a little more common, it is used…
Two Hole Directional Coupler: It is often necessary to measure the power being delivered to load or an antenna through a transmission line. This is often done by a sampling technique, in which a known…
Double Stub Matching: If a transmission-line matching device is to be useful in a range of different matching situations, it must have as many variable parameters, or degrees of freedom, as the standing-wave pattern. Since…
Smith Chart for Transmission Line: The various properties of transmission lines may be represented graphically on any of a large number of charts. The most useful representations are those that give the impedance relations along…
