On Off Controller or Two Position Controller: The On Off Controller or two position controller is the simplest, cheapest and the most used controllers. It is used in domestic heating systems, refrigeration, water tanks, etc.…
Step Function Response: The step function response consists of applying an instantaneous change in the control means and then recording graphically the result of the change on the measured variable. This graphical record obtained in…
Basic Automatic Control: Multivariable systems are used more commonly in this age of Basic Automatic Control. Control parameters are becoming more complex by the day and the range of applications wider. In such complex systems,…
Standing Wave Ratio Measurements: Standing wave are created along the length of a transmission line due to the mismatch between the characteristic impedance Z0 and the terminating impedance of the transmission line. The actual voltage…
Measurement of Power Transmission Lines: When power is applied to Measurement of Power Transmission Lines, the source to load impedance must be matched in its characteristics impedance (Z0). The impedance all along the line is…
Heat Capacity of Calorimeter: Heat Capacity of Calorimeter - RF power may be directly converted into heat. Water acts as the load, and RF power may be used to heat an element such as a…
Bolometer: Bolometric measurements are based on the dissipation of RF power in a small temperature sensitive resistive element, called a Bolometer. This bolometer may be a short ultra thin wire having a positive temperature coefficient…
Precision Frequency Standard: Most high precision frequency standard in use utilise a geometric transverse (GT) cut quartz crystal as the frequency controlling resonant elements having changes in frequency of less than 1 part in 10…
Primary Standard: Primary Standard - One arrangement is a carefully designed quartz crystal oscillator operating in the range 50 to 100 kHz, having a low temperature coefficient, constant amplitude output and voltage regulated power supply.…
Modem Definition: The term Modem Definition is an acronym for modulator-demodulator. The primary modem function is to convert digital data into an analog form which is suitable for transmission on common carrier circuits (example telephone…
