What is Thermal Runaway and Heat Sink? The maximum average power PC max which a transistor can dissipate depends upon the construction of the transistor and may lie in the range of a few milliwatts…

How to use a Transistor as a Diode - Working and Equation: The transistor can be modified to operate as a diode by short circuiting the two transistor terminals, as shown in Fig. 10.69 [collector…

Transistor Lead Identification and Testing: Transistor Lead Identification and Testing - After the transistor has been manufactured, as already discussed, leads of, typically, gold, aluminium, or nickel are then attached and the entire structure is…

Transistor Load Line Analysis (DC and AC Load Line and Q Point): The concept of Transistor load line analysis is very important in understanding the working of a transistor. It is defined as the locus…

Transistor as an Amplifier - Circuit Diagram and Its Workings: The main utility of a transistor lies in its ability of amplifying weak signals. The weak signal is applied at the input terminals and the…

Early Effect and Base Width Modulation: In active region, the emitter-base (EB) junction is forward biased and collector-base (CB) junction is reverse biased, so the barrier width at EB junction is negligible in comparison with…

Transistor Circuit Configurations (CB, CE, CC): As already mentioned, a Transistor Circuit Configurations is a three-terminal device (having three terminals namely emitter, base and collector) but we require four terminals—two for the input and two…

Ebers Moll Model for PNP Transistor: Device modelling aims at relating physical device parameters to device terminal characteristics. Device modelling is especially important for integrated circuits, since simple and accurate device models are required to…

Base Spreading Resistance: With two depletion layers penetrating the base, the base holes are confined to the thin region of P-type semiconductor illustrated in Fig. 10.12. The resistance of this thin region (or section) is…