Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram:

A Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram designed to pass signals only in a certain band of frequencies while rejecting all signals outside this band. There are basically two types of Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram,

• Wide band pass
• Narrow band pass

A Band Pass Filter Circuit is defined as a wide band pass if its figure of merit or quality factor Q < 10. While there is no firm dividing line between the two, if Q > 10, the filter is a narrow Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram. Hence Q is a measure of selectiv­ity meaning the higher the value of Q, the more selective is the filter, or the narrower is the band width. The relationship between Q, 3 db band width and the centre frequency f_c is given by

For the wide Band Pass Filter Circuit, the centre frequency can be defined as

where

• f_H = high cutoff frequency
• f_L = low cutoff frequency of the wide bandpass

Figure 15.15, shows the frequency response of a Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram. This type of filter has a maximum output voltage V_max at one frequency called the reso­nant frequency, f_c. If the frequency is varied away from resonance, the output voltage decreases. There is one frequency above f_c and one below f_c at which the voltage is 0.707 x V_max (3 db point). These frequencies are the high and low cutoff frequencies. The band of frequencies between f_H and f_L is the band width. Therefore the band width is given by BW = f_H – f_L.

A narrow band filter is one that has a band width of less than 1/10th the resonant frequency (band width < 0.1 f_c). A wide band filter has a band width greater than 1/10th the resonant frequency (band width > 0.1 f_c).

The ratio of resonant frequency to band width is known as the quality factor Q.

Wide Band Pass Filter:

Band pass can be realized by a number of possible circuits. A wide band pass filter can be formed by simply cascading high pass and low pass section and is generally the choice for simple to design.

To obtain a ± 20 db/decade band pass filter, a first order high pass filter and a first low pass sections are cascaded, for a ± 40 db/decade band pass filter, second order high pass filter and second order low pass filter are cascaded and so on for higher orders.

In other words, the order of the Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram depends upon the order of the High pass and Low pass sections.

Fig. 15.16(a), shows a circuit of a ± 20 db/decade wide band pass filter, which is composed of a first order high pass and a first order low pass filter. Figure 15.16(b) shows the frequency response.

Figure 15.16(c) shows a circuit of a ± 40 db/decade wide Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram.

Narrow Band Pass Filter:

The narrow Band Pass Filter Circuit using multiple feedback is shown in Fig. 15.17(a). As shown in this circuit, the filter uses only one opamp. This filter is unique in the following respects.

1. It has two feedback paths, which is why it is called a multiple feedback
2. The opamp is used in the inverting mode.

Generally a narrow band pass filter is designed for specific values of centre frequency f_c and Q, or f_c and band width.

Figure 15.17(b) shows the frequency response of a narrow Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram.

Mathematical Derivation for Narrow Band Pass Filter:

If we wish to realise a resonant Band Pass Filter Circuit having the narrow band char­acteristic of a tuned circuit, we have to use a multiple feedback network in conjunction with an opamp as shown in Fig. 15.17 (a).

The transfer function of a tuned circuit is given by

Now let us consider a CR network comprising C₁ C₂ and R₃ as shown in Fig. 15.18.

Referring to figure, the z-parameters or impedance parameters are

where

• Z₁₁ = input impedance with output open for ac
• Z₁₂ = reverse transfer impedance with input open for ac
• Z₂₁ = forward transfer impedance with output open for ac
• Z₂₂ = output impedance with input open for ac

The equivalent circuit for a narrow Band Pass Filter Circuit is shown in Fig.15.19.

Referring to the figure,

Also due to virtual ground

But

The current flowing through R₂ is given by

Now consider the mesh V_in R₁ R₂

But

Simplifying it we have

Therefore

We now calculate the values of Z₁₁ and Z₂₁. Referring to the figure for a CR network we have

which reduces to

Similarly

Therefore

Substituting Eqs (15.38), (15.39) and (15.47) in Eq. (15.37), we get

Therefore, gain

Multiplying the numerator and the denominator by s/R₁ R₂ R₃ C₁ C₂ we get

Let

Now comparing Eq. (15.41) with (15.33) we see that

But ω_o = 2 πf_c where f_c = cutoff frequency.

Therefore Eqs (15.42), (15.43) and (15.44) now become

and with slight manipulations with Eq. (15.44) we get

But the gain A_Vo at f_c is given by

which is derived from a slight manipulation of Eqs (15.45) and (15.46)

Another condition that the gain must satisfy is

Else we get R₂ = 0 which is not possible.