What is a Digital Integrated Circuit? In an integrated circuit, components such as diodes, transistors, resistors, inductors etc. are integral parts of the chip. And on surface of this chip, which is very small piece…
Analog Storage Oscilloscope Block Diagram and Its Workings: Storage targets can be distinguished from standard phosphor targets by their ability to retain a waveform pattern for a long time (10 to 150 hours after the…
Basic Oscilloscope Patterns: CRO is a very versatile instrument in laboratory for measurement of voltage, current, frequency and phase angle of any electrical quantity. But before we go ahead with discussion on measurement of electrical…
Display of Electrical signals by Oscilloscope: The are two basic ways of display of Electrical signals by Oscilloscope—the X-Y mode and the triggered-sweep mode. The X-Y mode displays the graph of the variation of two…
Basic Controls of CRO: Number of controls are required to be provided on a panel of CRO to facilitate its proper functioning. Intensity control is provided for adjustment of brightness of the spot on the…
What is Focusing Device in Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and why it is required? Because of the mutual repulsion between the electrons, the convergent beam coming out from the accelerating anode has a tendency to spread…
Block Diagram of a General Purpose CRO and its workings: The modern time-domain General Purpose CRO, regardless of its sophistication, consists of the following main units. Cathode ray tube (CRT) — display device. Power supplies…
Conversion of Hybrid Parameters in Transistor Three Configurations: Some transistor manufacturers provide only the four CE hybrid parameters while others provide CB hybrid parameters. Sometimes, for a specific purpose, it becomes necessary to convert one…
Variations of Hybrid Parameters of a Transistor: The variation of h parameters depends upon junction temperature, collector current and collector-to-emitter voltage VCE. Among these factors, the variations of Hybrid Parameters of a Transistor due to…
Determination of h Parameters from Static Characteristics: Functional relationships for the CE configuration of total instantaneous collector current and base voltage in terms of two variables (base current and collector voltage) are given from earlier…
