Electronic Instrumentation Articles:

This Electronic Instrumentation Articles which includes the following topics:

Electronic Instrumentation

  1. Introduction to Electronics Instrumentation
  2. Static Characteristics of Measuring Instruments
  3. Errors in Measurement
  4. Types of Static Error and Sources of Error
  5. Dynamic Characteristics in Qualities of Measurement
  6. Statistical Analysis of Measurement Data
  7. Different Types of Standards of Measurement
  8. Atomic frequency standards and clocks
  9. Different Types of Ammeters and Voltmeters
  10. Working Principle of D Arsonval Galvanometer
  11. Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument (PMMC)
  12. Practical PMMC Movement
  13. Taut Band Instrument
  14. Electrodynamometer Instrument
  15. Moving Iron Instrument
  16. Concentric Vane Repulsion Type Moving Iron Instrument
  17. Digital Display System
  18. What is the use of Light Emitting Diode (LED)?
  19. What is Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)?
  20. Gas Discharge Plasma Display
  21. 7 Segment Display using Gaseous Discharge
  22. 7 Segment Led Display Working Principle
  23. 5×7 Dot Matrix Led Display Character Patterns
  24. Incandescent Display using 16 Segment
  25. Structure of Electrophoretic Image Display (EPID)
  26. Structure of Liquid Vapour Display (LVD)
  27. Classification of Printers
  28. DC Ammeter
  29. Thermocouple Principle and Types of Thermocouple
  30. Various Factors of Frequency Effect on Calibration
  31. Measurements of very Large Currents by Thermocouples
  32. DC Meter
  33. Transistor Voltmeter (TVM)
  34. Chopper type DC Amplifier Voltmeter (Microvoltmeter)
  35. Solid State Voltmeter
  36. Differential Voltmeter
  37. DC Standard Differential Voltmeter
  38. AC Voltmeter using Rectifiers
  39. AC Voltmeter using Half wave Rectifier | AC Voltmeter using Full wave Rectifier | Multirange AC Voltmeter
  40. Average Responding Voltmeter and Peak Responding Voltmeter
  41. True RMS Voltmeter
  42. Considerations in Choosing an Analog Voltmeter
  43. Series Type Ohmmeter
  44. Multirange Ohmmeter
  45. Working Principle of Multimeter
  46. Digital Voltmeters Features and Characteristics
  47. Ramp Technique of Digital Voltmeter
  48. Dual Slope Integrating Type DVM
  49. Integrating Type DVM (Voltage to Frequency Conversion)
  50. Principles of ADC (Analog to Digital Conversion)
  51. Successive Approximation Type DVM
  52. Continuous Balance DVM
  53. Microprocessor Based Ramp Type DVM
  54. What is a Digital Instrument?
  55. Working Principle of Digital Multimeter
  56. Digital Frequency Meter
  57. Digital Measurement of Time
  58. Universal Counter Timer
  59. Decade Counter Circuit
  60. Different Modes of Operation of Electronic Counter
  61. Digital Measurement of Frequency (Mains)
  62. Automation in Digital Instruments
  63. Digital Phase Meter Block Diagram and Working Principle
  64. Digital Capacitance Meter Block Diagram
  65. Microprocessor Based Instruments
  66. IEEE 488 Bus Block Diagram
  67. Introduction to Oscilloscopes
  68. What is Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) of an Oscilloscope?
  69. CRT Features
  70. What is the Principle of Sweep Generator?
  71. Block Diagram of Oscilloscope
  72. Block Diagram of CRO
  73. Vertical Amplifier
  74. Horizontal Deflection System in CRO
  75. Triggered Sweep CRO
  76. Trigger Pulse Generator Circuit
  77. Delay Line in Triggered Sweep Circuit
  78. High Frequency CRT or Travelling Wave Type CRT
  79. Dual Beam CRO Block Diagram and Working Principle
  80. Dual Trace Oscilloscope
  81. What is Electronic Switch in Oscilloscope?
  82. What is Sampling Oscilloscope?
  83. Storage Oscilloscope
  84. Digital Readout Oscilloscope
  85. Frequency Measurement by Lissajous Method
  86. Spot Wheel Method for Frequency Measurement
  87. Gear Wheel Method for Frequency Measurement
  88. Setup for Diode Testing in Oscilloscope
  89. Measure of Capacitance and Inductance in Oscilloscope
  90. Oscilloscope as a Bridge Null Detector
  91. Probes for CRO
  92. Attenuators
  93. Applications of Oscilloscope
  94. What is Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)?
  95. Fibre Optic CRT Recording Oscilloscope
  96. Oscilloscope Operating Precautions
  97. What is Signal Generator?
  98. Standard Signal Generator Block Diagram and Working Principle
  99. Modern Laboratory Signal Generator Block Diagram and its Working
  100. AF Sine and Square Wave Generator
  101. Function Generator Block Diagram
  102. Pulse and Square Wave Generator Block Diagram
  103. Random Noise Generator Block Diagram and its Working
  104. Block Diagram of Sweep Generator
  105. RF Signal Generator
  106. Marker Generator
  107. Video Test Pattern Generator
  108. Color Bar Generator
  109. Circuit Connections for Producing a Vectrogram and Lissajous Pattern
  110. Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO)
  111. What is Wave Analyzer?
  112. Frequency Selective Wave Analyzer
  113. Heterodyne Wave Analyzer
  114. Harmonic Distortion Analyzer
  115. Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
  116. Digital Fourier Analyzer
  117. FFT Spectrum Analyzer
  118. Output Power Meter Working Principle
  119. Field Strength Meter (Transistor) Circuit
  120. Stroboscope Working Principle
  121. What is Phase Sensitive Detector or Phase Meter Circuit?
  122. Vector Impedance Meter (Direct Reading)
  123. Q Meter
  124. LCR Bridge
  125. RX Meter Circuit in Measuring Instruments
  126. Automatic Bridge Circuit
  127. Transistor Tester and its characteristics
  128. Megger Circuit Diagram
  129. pH Measurement Methods
  130. Wheatstone Bridge Diagram
  131. Kelvins Bridge and Kelvins Double Bridge
  132. Bridge Controlled Error Detection
  133. Block Diagram of Wheatstones Bridge with Digital Readout
  134. Comparison Bridge
  135. Maxwell Bridge Theory
  136. Hays Bridge Circuit
  137. Measurement of Capacitance using Schering Bridge
  138. Wien Bridge Circuit Diagram
  139. Wagner Ground Connection
  140. Detectors Types
  141. Definition of Recorder
  142. Strip Chart Recorder Working Principle
  143. Galvanometer Type Recorder
  144. Null Type Recorder Working Principle
  145. Circular Chart Recorder Working Principle
  146. XY Recorder Working
  147. Magnetic Tape Recorder Working Principle
  148. Frequency Modulation Recording
  149. Digital Data Recording System
  150. Potentiometric Recorder Working Principle (Multipoint)
  151. Digital Memory Waveform Recorder (DWR)
  152. Strip Chart Recorder Application
  153. Electrical Transducer
  154. Resistive Transducer
  155. Resistive Position Transducer
  156. Strain Gauge Factor Derivation
  157. Types of Strain Gauge Transducer
  158. Resistance Thermometer Working Principle
  159. Thermistor Working Principle
  160. What is an Inductive Transducer?
  161. Differential Output Transducer
  162. Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
  163. Pressure Inductive Transducer
  164. Capacitive Pressure Transducer Working Principle
  165. Strain Gauge Load Cell Working Principle
  166. Working Principle of Piezoelectric Transducer
  167. Photoelectric Transducer Working Principle
  168. What is a Photodiode?
  169. What is a Temperature Transducer?
  170. Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
  171. Platinum Resistance Thermometer
  172. Thermocouple Connection
  173. Semiconductor Temperature Sensing Diode
  174. LM335 IC Temperature Sensor
  175. Pyrometer Working Principle
  176. Optical Pyrometer Working Principle
  177. Ultrasonic Transducer
  178. Flow Measurement (Mechanical Transducers)
  179. Magnetic Flow Meters
  180. Turbine Flow Meter Working Principle
  181. Measurements of Thickness using Beta Gauge
  182. Signal Conditioning System
  183. What is an Operational Amplifier?
  184. Closed Loop Gain of Non Inverting Amplifier
  185. Negative Feedback Op Amp
  186. Integrator using Op Amp
  187. Differentiator using Op Amp
  188. Summing Amplifier Circuit Diagram
  189. Op Amp Comparator Circuit
  190. Instrumentation Amplifier Circuit
  191. Instrumentation System Block Diagram
  192. Differential Instrumentation Amplifier Transducer Bridge
  193. Chopper Type DC Amplifier
  194. What is Electromechanical Chopper?
  195. Self Oscillating Converter (Transistorized Chopper Circuit)
  196. Magnetic Modulator
  197. Diode Bridge Type Modulator with Transformer Coupling
  198. Transistor Chopper Circuit
  199. Varactor Diode Symbol
  200. Synchronous Vibrator and Synchronous Chopper
  201. What is a Filter Circuit?
  202. What are Passive Filters?
  203. Types of Filters in Electronics
  204. Classification of Active Filters
  205. Low Pass Filter Circuits
  206. Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter Derivation
  207. First Order High Pass Butterworth Filter Derivation
  208. Second Order High Pass Butterworth Filter Derivation
  209. Higher Order Filter Design
  210. Band Pass Filter Circuit Diagram
  211. Band Reject Filter Circuit
  212. All Pass Filter Design
  213. Universal Active Filter using Op Amp
  214. Types of Active Filters
  215. Introduction to Digital Filtering
  216. Properties of Linear Digital Filters
  217. Sampling Theorem Formula
  218. What is Digital System?
  219. Frequency Domain Representation
  220. Fast Fourier Transform Formula
  221. FIR 1-D Digital Filter Design (The Window Method)
  222. IIR Digital Filter Design Methods
  223. IIR Filter Design
  224. Digital Filtering Processor
  225. Typical Digital Filtering Operations
  226. Bandpass Analysis
  227. Modern Radar Systems Analysis
  228. CT Scan Working Principle
  229. Microwave Power Measurement Techniques
  230. Resonant Coaxial Wavemeter
  231. Simple Cylindrical Cavity Wavemeter
  232. RF UHF field strength meter circuit
  233. Sensitivity Measurement Definition
  234. Selectivity Measurement Receiver
  235. Nonlinear Distortion Measurements
  236. CCIF Intermodulation Distortion
  237. Audio Amplifier Frequency Response
  238. Modulation Frequency Definition
  239. Radio Frequency Modulation
  240. Measuring Amplitude Modulation
  241. Data Acquisition System
  242. Signal Conditioning of Inputs
  243. Single Channel Data Acquisition System
  244. Multi Channel Data Acquisition System
  245. Computer Based Data Acquisition System
  246. Variable Resistor Network
  247. Ladder Type Converter D/A
  248. Binary Ladder Circuits
  249. Digital to Analog Converter Circuit Diagram
  250. Weighted Converter Using Transistor Switches
  251. DA Converter Working Principle
  252. Data Loggers Function
  253. Data Logger Operation
  254. Data Logger Summary
  255. Compact Data Logger
  256. Sensors Based Computer Data Systems
  257. Electromechanical AD Converter
  258. Types of Encoders in Digital Electronics
  259. Data Transmission
  260. Data Transmission System
  261. Digital Communication System
  262. Time Division Multiplexing
  263. Pulse Modulation
  264. Pulse Amplitude Modulation
  265. Pulse Time Modulation
  266. Pulse Width Modulation
  267. Pulse Position Modulation
  268. Pulse Code Modulation
  269. Delta Modulation
  270. Pulse Wave Code Format
  271. Modem Definition
  272. Primary Standard
  273. Precision Frequency Standard
  274. Bolometer
  275. Heat Capacity of Calorimeter
  276. Measurement of Power Transmission Lines
  277. Standing Wave Ratio Measurements
  278. Basic Automatic Control
  279. Step Function Response
  280. On Off Controller
  281. Proportional Controller
  282. Define Offset Error
  283. Analog Electronics Process Controllers
  284. Temperature Controls
  285. Choice of Electronic Signal Transmission
  286. Direct Digital Control
  287. Digital Process Control
  288. Cascade Control
  289. PLC Definition
  290. PLC Structure
  291. PLC System Operation
  292. PLC Applications
  293. Relays Definition
  294. PLC Register
  295. Timer
  296. Symbol Counter
  297. DC Inputs
  298. AC Input
  299. Master Control
  300. PLC Programming Languages
  301. PLC Basic Process
  302. PLC Hardware
  303. PLC Components
  304. PLC Operation
  305. Basis of PLC Programming
  306. PLC Hardware Components
  307. Distributed Control System
  308. DCS System
  309. TDC 3000 Architecture
  310. Microprocessor Based DCS
  311. Digital Tachometer Working Principle
  312. Working Principle of Digital pH Meter | Block Diagram
  313. Fully Automatic Digital Instrument
  314. Various CRT Connections and Controls in CRO Panel
  315. Delayed Sweep Oscilloscope
  316. Microprocessor Controlled Bridge
  317. AC Wheatstone Bridge
  318. Resonance Bridge for Measurement of Inductance or Capacitance
  319. Photovoltaic Cell Working Principle and Types of Photovoltaic Cells
  320. Phototransistor Construction and Working Principle
  321. Platinum Thin Film RTD Sensors
  322. Frequency Generating Transducer
  323. Reluctance Pulse Pick up Transducer
  324. Solid State Modulator/Demodulator Circuit
  325. Photo Optical Modulator
  326. Recursive and Non Recursive Realisation