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Resistance Grounding

Resistance Grounding: In order to limit the magnitude of earth fault current, it is a common practice to connect the neutral point of a 3-phase system to earth through a…

Solid Grounding

Solid Grounding or Effective Grounding: When the neutral point of a 3-phase system (e.g. 3-phase generator, 3-phase transformer etc.) is directly connected to earth (i.e. soil) through a wire of…

Ungrounded Neutral System

Ungrounded Neutral System: In an ungrounded neutral system, the neutral is not connected to the ground i.e. the neutral is isolated from the ground. Therefore, this system is also called…

Substation: The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristic (e.g. voltage, ac. to dc., frequency, p.f. etc.) of electric supply is called a Substation. Sub-stations are important part of…

Circulating Current Scheme for Transformer Protection

Circulating Current Scheme for Transformer Protection: Merz-Price Circulating Current Scheme for Transformer Protection is commonly used for the protection of power transformers against earth and phase faults. The system as applied…

Differential Protection of Alternators

Differential Protection of Alternators: The most common system used for the protection of stator winding faults employs circulating-current principle (Refer back to Art. 21.18). In this scheme of Differential Protection…

Protection of Alternators

Protection of Alternators: The generating units, especially the larger ones, are relatively few in number and higher in individual cost than most other equipment's. Therefore, it is desirable and necessary…

Differential Relay

Differential Relay: Most of the relays discussed so far relied on excess of current for their operation. Such relays are less sensitive because they cannot make correct distinction between heavy…