Extraterrestrial Communications: Extraterrestrial Communications : The most recent, and by far the fastest-growing, field of communications involves the use of various satellite relays, of which the first was launched in…

Space Waves: Space waves generally behave with merciful simplicity. They travel in (more or less) straight lines! However, since they depend on line-of-sight conditions, space waves are limited in their…

Sky Wave Propagation Frequency Range: Sky Wave Propagation Frequency Range is the  ionosphere is the upper portion of the atmosphere, which absorbs large quantities of radiant energy from the sun,…

Electromagnetic Spectrum: In an earth environment, electromagnetic waves propagate in ways that depend not only on their own properties but also on those of the environment itself; some of this…

Interference of Electromagnetic Waves: Interference of Electromagnetic Waves occurs when two waves that left one source and travelled by different paths arrive at a point. This happens very often in…