Telemetry in Electronic Communications: Telemetry in Electronic Communications consists of performing measurements on distant objects. Although hydraulic or wire circuits may be used for this purpose, this section will deal…
Telegraphy in Electronic Communications: Telegraphy in Electronic Communications that employs typewriter like machines operating at a maximum speed of about 60 words per minute (wpm) to send written messages from…
Noise in Information - Carrying Channel: Noise in Information-carrying capacity of a channel. This idea will now be explored further, as will means of combating noise. Effects of Noise: That…
Measurement of Information in Communication System: Having said what information is not (it is not meaning), we now state specifically what information is. Accordingly, information is defined as the choice…
Semiconductor Lasers: Semiconductor Lasers was discovered in 1962 that a gallium arsenide diode, such as the one shown in Figure 12-41, is capable of producing laser action. This occurs when…
Continuous Wave Gas Laser: The first Continuous Wave Gas Laser, in 1961, was a gas laser using a mixture of helium and neon gases. These are still used, and a…
Pulsed Ruby Laser: The Pulsed Ruby Laser is similar to the ruby cavity maser, to some extent, in that stimulation is applied to raise the chromium atoms to a higher…
Cryogenically Cooled Amplifiers: The term solid-state is used deliberately here; it does not mean "semiconductor." In terms of the somewhat older maser parlance, it means the opposite of gaseous, i.e.,…