Indirect Synthesizer: Indirect Synthesizer: The required frequency range in most synthesizers nowadays is obtained from a variable voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), whose output is corrected by comparison with that of a…

Direct Synthesizer Block Diagram: A Direct Synthesizer Block Diagram is a piece of apparatus in which multiples and submultiples of a single crystal oscillator frequency are combined by addition and/or…

Automatic Frequency Control Block Diagram: Automatic frequency control: As previously we see, the heart of an AFC circuit is a frequency-sensitive device, such as the phase discriminator, which produces a…

Delayed Automatic Gain Control: Delayed Automatic Gain Control: Simple AGC is clearly an improvement on no AGC at all, in that the gain of the receiver is reduced for strong…

Working Principle of Automatic Gain Control: Working Principle of Automatic Gain Control is a system by means of which the overall gain of a radio receiver is varied automatically with…

Simple Diode Detector: Operation of diode detector: The Simple Diode Detector is by far the most common device used for AM demodulation (or detection), and its operation will now be…

Intermediate Frequency Amplifier: Choice of frequency: The Intermediate Frequency Amplifier (IF) of a receiving system is usually a compromise, since there are reasons why it should be neither low nor…

Superheterodyne Principle: The block diagram of Figure 6-2 shows a basic superheterodyne receiver. In the Superheterodyne Principle, the incoming signal voltage is combined with a signal generated in the receiver.…