Reach of Distance Relay

Reach of Distance Relay: A distance relay is set to operate up to a particular value of impedance; for an impedance greater than this set value the relay should not…

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Principle of Distance Relaying

Principle of Distance Relaying: The Principle of Distance Relaying is governed by the ratio of voltage to current at the relay location and the operating time of the relay automatically…

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Tunnel Diode Operation and Characteristics

Tunnel Diode Operation and Characteristics: Tunnel Diode Operation - A tunnel diode (sometimes called an Esaki diode after its inventor, Leo Esaki) is a two-terminal negative resistance device that can…

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Photodiode Operation and Characteristics

Photodiode Operation and Characteristics: Photodiode Operation - When a pn-Junction is reverse biased, a small reverse saturation current flows due to thermally generated holes and electrons being swept across the…

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Photoconductive Cell Construction and Working

Photoconductive Cell Construction and Working: Photoconductive Cell Construction and Working - Light striking the surface of a material can provide sufficient energy to cause electrons within the material to break…

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LED Seven Segment Display

LED Seven Segment Display: The arrangement of a LED Seven Segment Display is shown in Fig. 20-6(a). The actual LED devices are very small, so, to enlarge the lighted surface,…

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Programmable Unijunction Transistor

Programmable Unijunction Transistor: PUT Operation - The Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT) is actually an SCR-type device used to simulate a UJT. The interbase resistance (RBB) and the intrinsic standoff ratio…

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UJT Circuit Diagram

UJT Circuit Diagram: UJT Circuit Diagram Operation : The Unijunction transistor (UJT) consists of a bar of lightly-doped n-type silicon with a block of p-type material on one side, [see…

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