Cryogenically Cooled Amplifiers: The term solid-state is used deliberately here; it does not mean "semiconductor." In terms of the somewhat older maser parlance, it means the opposite of gaseous, i.e.,…
Schottky Barrier Diode: Schottky junctions have been shown and described throughout this chapter, in conjunction with various devices that use them in their construction in Figure 12-4. Accordingly it will…
Pin Diode Construction: The Pin Diode Construction consists of a narrow layer of p-type semiconductor separated from an equally narrow layer of n-type material by a somewhat thicker region of…
Gunn Effect: In 1963, Gunn discovered the transferred electron effect which now bears his name. This Gunn Effect is instrumental in the generation of microwave oscillations in bulk semiconÂductor materials.…
Negative Resistance Amplifier: The classical application of the tunnel diode was in microwave oscillators, especially after it was realized that the secret of stable oscillations lay in loosely coupling the…
Tunnel Diode Equivalent Circuit: The Tunnel Diode Equivalent Circuit, when biased in the negative-resistance region, is shown in Figure 12-18. At all except the highest frequencies, the series resistance and…
Frequency Multiplier Circuit: A typical Frequency Multiplier Circuit chain is shown in Figure 12-11, The first stage is a transistor crystal oscillator, operating in the VHF region, and this is…
Varactor Diode Operation and Characteristics: Varactor Diode Operation and Characteristics were first used in the early 1950s as simple voltage-variable capacitance and later for frequency modulation of oscillators. They thus…