Waveguide Isolator and Circulators: It often happens at microwave frequencies that coupling must be strictly a one-way affair. This applies for most microwave generators, whose output amplitude and frequency could…
Wideband Antenna Types: It is often desirable to have an antenna capable of operating over a wide frequency range. This may occur because a number of widely spaced channels are…
Frequency Changing and Tracking in Receivers: The mixer is a nonlinear device having two sets of input terminals and one set of output terminals. The signal from the antenna or…
Generation of Frequency Modulation: The Generation of Frequency Modulation system is a variable output frequency, with the variation proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating voltage. The subsidiary requirements…
Sensors and Transducers: The definition of Sensors and Transducers are follows, The input quantity for most instrumentation systems is nonelectrical. In order to use electrical methods and techniques for measurement, the…
Sample and Hold Circuit: Four basic sample and hold circuit are shown in Fig. 14.141. In these circuits a JFET is used as switch. During the sampling time the JFET…
Introduction to Static Relays Articles: Characteristic Functions of Protection Relay : Characteristic Functions of Protection Relay elements using different operating principles. These principles and design criteria determine how well the…
Fabrication of Integrated Circuits Articles: Integrated Circuit Definition: Integrated Circuit Definition referred as microelectronics, is the result of continued improvements in the characteristics and miniaturizations employed in solid state devices…