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Smoothing Circuits

Smoothing Circuits: The rectified a.c. consists of a series of undirectional half waves of current or voltage. It is generally desirable to smooth this output. The various filters used for…

Transductor Relay (Magnetic Amplifier Relay): Transductor Relay - Since relays now have to perform much more complicated functions, many types tend to become very complex mechanically, and hence costly, to…

Static Relays Basics and Classification

Static Relays Basics and Classification: A Static Relays Basics refers to a relay in which the measurement or comparison of electrical quantities is done in a static network which is…

Motor Protection

Motor Protection: Motor Protection - There is a wide range of motors in existence for various purposes. However, the fundamental problems affecting the choice of protection are independent of the…

Phase Comparison Carrier Protection

Phase Comparison Carrier Protection: The phase comparison pilot-relaying operates on the principle of comparing the phase position of the currents at the two ends of the protected section. The Phase…

Carrier Pilot Protection

Carrier Pilot Protection and Microwave Pilot Protection: The problem of providing economically an auxiliary channel by means of pilots for long lines directed attention to carrier techniques. In this case…

Tunnel Diode Operation and Characteristics

Tunnel Diode Operation and Characteristics: Tunnel Diode Operation - A tunnel diode (sometimes called an Esaki diode after its inventor, Leo Esaki) is a two-terminal negative resistance device that can…

Thermistor Operation

Thermistor Operation: The word thermistor is a combination of thermal and resistor. A thermistor is a resistor with definite thermal characteristics. Most thermistors have a negative temperature coefficient (NTC), but…