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Nature of Traction Load

Nature of Traction Load: Nature of Traction Load describes as when the train runs at a constant velocity on level track, a number of frictional forces oppose its motion. The…

Battery Powered Vehicles: Battery Powered Vehicles - These are popularly known as electric vehicles. Although several batteries and fuel cells have been developed, only available at affordable price is the…

Solar Panels or Photovoltaic Cells

Solar Panels or Photovoltaic Cells: A Solar Panels or Photovoltaic Cells converts sunlight into electricity. Single crystal, polycrystal and amorphous silicon cells have been employed. The open circuit voltage is…

Variable Speed Constant Frequency Generator

Variable Speed Constant Frequency Generator: Variable Speed Constant Frequency Generator (VSCF) involves generation of electrical power at fixed frequency and fixed voltage from a variable speed prime mover coupled to…

Ward Leonard Method of Speed Control

Ward Leonard Method of Speed Control: Known after the name of its inventor Ward Leonard Method of Speed Control (1891), it consists of a separately excited generator feeding the dc…

Phase Locked Loop Control

Phase Locked Loop Control(PLL): A PI controller ideally should provide perfect speed regulation. However, due to imperfections in sensing and control circuits, the closed-loop schemes described earlier can at best…

Closed Loop Torque Control of Drives

Closed Loop Torque Control of Drives: Closed Loop Torque Control of Drives scheme of Fig. 3.4 finds application in battery operated vehicles, rail cars and electric trains. Driver presses the…

Steady State Stability of Drive

Steady State Stability of Drive: Equilibrium speed of a motor-load system is obtained when motor torque equals the load torque. Drive will operate in steady-state at this speed, provided it…