Standing Wave Ratio Measurements: Standing wave are created along the length of a transmission line due to the mismatch between the characteristic impedance Z0 and the terminating impedance of the…
Bolometer: Bolometric measurements are based on the dissipation of RF power in a small temperature sensitive resistive element, called a Bolometer. This bolometer may be a short ultra thin wire…
Primary Standard: Primary Standard - One arrangement is a carefully designed quartz crystal oscillator operating in the range 50 to 100 kHz, having a low temperature coefficient, constant amplitude output…
Modem Definition: The term Modem Definition is an acronym for modulator-demodulator. The primary modem function is to convert digital data into an analog form which is suitable for transmission on…
Pulse Wave Code Format: There are many different code formats of pulse wave. The classification is based on three criteria, namely, form of information transmission, relation to zero level, and…
Delta Modulation(DM): Delta modulation(DM) is process of modulation in which train of fixed width pulses is transmitted. Their polarity indicates whether the demodulator output should rise or fall at each…
Pulse Code Modulation(PCM): Pulse Code Modulation(PCM) is different from the other forms of pulse modulation studied so far, PCM also uses sampling techniques, but it differs from the others in…
Pulse Width Modulation(PWM): Pulse width modulation of PTM is also often called Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM). In this system, shown in Fig. 18.8, we have a fixed amplitude and starting…