Photodiode Operation and Characteristics: Photodiode Operation - When a pn-Junction is reverse biased, a small reverse saturation current flows due to thermally generated holes and electrons being swept across the…
Operational Amplifier Frequency Response Articles: Operational Amplifier Circuit Stability: Loop Gain and Loop Phase Shift – Consider the inverting amplifier circuit and waveforms in Fig. 15-Â1(a). The signal voltage voltage…
Darlington Connected Output Transistors: High-power transistors usually have low current gains, so relatively large base currents must flow into Q2 and Q3 to supply a high load current. This means…
IC Linear Voltage Regulators: 723 IC Regulator - The basic circuit of a 723 IC Linear Voltage Regulators in a dual-in-line package is shown in Fig. 17-20. This IC has…
Transistor Series Voltage Regulator: When a low power zener diode is used in the simple Transistor Series Voltage Regulator, the load current is limited by the maximum diode current. A…
Crystal Equivalent Circuit: Crystal Equivalent Circuit - The output frequency of oscillator circuits is normally not as stable as required for a great many applications. The component values all have…
Integrated Circuit Operational Amplifier: Circuit Symbol and Packages - Figure 14-1(a) shows the triangular circuit symbol for an Integrated Circuit Operational Amplifier (op-amp). As illustrated, there are two input terminals,…
Amplifier Testing: Preparation - Transistor Amplifier Testing and other circuits should be tested in a methodical fashion; otherwise the results obtained may be useless. The circuit should first be carefully…