Components of Protection System: Some of the more commonly used Components of Protection System are Relays Circuit Breakers Tripping and Other Auxiliary Supplies Current Transformer (CT) Voltage Transformers (VT) Linear…
Tunnel Diode Operation and Characteristics: Tunnel Diode Operation - A tunnel diode (sometimes called an Esaki diode after its inventor, Leo Esaki) is a two-terminal negative resistance device that can…
Light Units: The total light energy output, or luminous flux (Φs), from a source can be measured in milliwatts (mW) or in lumens (1m), where 1 Im = 1.496 mW.…
Selection of Motor Power Rating: The Selection of Motor Power Rating of a motor for a specific application must be carefully chosen to achieve economy with reliability. Use of a…
Fiber Optic Components and Systems: The Fiber Optic Components and Systems can be divided into subgroups, the source, the link, and the detectors. We will now explore the makeup and…
Gunn Effect: In 1963, Gunn discovered the transferred electron effect which now bears his name. This Gunn Effect is instrumental in the generation of microwave oscillations in bulk semiconductor materials.…
Multicavity Klystron: The design of the multicavity klystron, together with all the remaining tubes described here, relies on the fact that transit time will sooner or later terminate the usefulness…
Cavity Resonators: A cavity resonators is a piece of waveguide closed off at both ends with metallic planes. Where propagation in the longitudinal direction took place in the waveguide, standing…