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Bolometer

Bolometer: Bolometric measurements are based on the dissipation of RF power in a small temperature sensitive resistive element, called a Bolometer. This bolometer may be a short ultra thin wire…

Precision Frequency Standard: Most high precision frequency standard in use utilise a geometric transverse (GT) cut quartz crystal as the frequency controlling resonant elements having changes in frequency of less…

Primary Standard

Primary Standard: Primary Standard - One arrangement is a carefully designed quartz crystal oscillator operating in the range 50 to 100 kHz, having a low temperature coefficient, constant amplitude output…

Pulse Wave Code Format

Pulse Wave Code Format: There are many different code formats of pulse wave. The classification is based on three criteria, namely, form of information transmission, relation to zero level, and…

Pulse Position Modulation

Pulse Position Modulation(PPM): In this Pulse Position Modulation system, the amplitude and width of pulses is kept constant, while the position of each pulse, in relation to the position of…

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation(PWM): Pulse width modulation of PTM is also often called Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM). In this system, shown in Fig. 18.8, we have a fixed amplitude and starting…

Pulse Modulation

Pulse Modulation: Pulse modulation may be used to transmit analog information, such as continuous speech or data. It is a system in which continuous waveforms are sampled at regular intervals.…

Data Transmission

Data Transmission: A data transmission system can be described simply in terms of three components, the transmitter (also called the source), the transmission path (usually referred to as the channel,…