Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Waves: Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Waves are energy propagated through free space at the velocity of light, which is approximately 300 meters per microsecond. As the object travelled downward,…
External Noise in Communication System: The various forms of External Noise in Communication System created outside the receiver are namely 1. Atmospheric Noise, 2. Extraterrestrial Noise, Solar noise Cosmic noise…
Measuring Instruments in Electronic Instrumentation Articles: Output Power Meter Working Principle: The Output Power Meter Working Principle is designed to directly measure the output power in an arbitrary load. The…
Measurement Set Up in Electronic Instrumentation Articles: Microwave Power Measurement Techniques: Microwave Power Measurement Techniques can be done by the use of wavemeters. A wavemeter is an adjustable resonant circuit…
Switching Surges in Transmission Line: Till the time when the transmission voltages were about 220 kV and below, over-voltages due to lightning were of very high order and overvoltages generated…
Mathematical Model of Lightning Stroke: During the charge formation process, the cloud may be considered to be a nonÂconductor. Hence, various potentials may be assumed at different parts of the…
Measurement of High Direct Current: High magnitude direct currents are measured using a resistive shunt of low ohmic value. The voltage drop across the resistance is measured with a millivoltmeter.…
Pure Liquids and Commercial Liquids: Pure liquids are those which are chemically pure and do not contain any other impurity even in traces of 1 in I09, and are structurally…