TTL Characteristics and other TTL Series: The first time standard TTL ICs were introduced by Taxas Instruments Corporation. They introduced 54 and 74 series, which were widely used as IC…
What is Tristate Logic or Three State Logic Circuit? Tristate Logic or Three State Logic Circuit - In normal logic circuits there are two states of output, either low or…
What is Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) Circuit? Texas instruments introduced transistor transistor logic (TTL), a widely used family of digital devices in 1964. It is fast, inexpensive and easy to…
What is a Digital Integrated Circuit? In an integrated circuit, components such as diodes, transistors, resistors, inductors etc. are integral parts of the chip. And on surface of this chip,…
Transistor approximation (Ideal, Second and Higher): An NPN transistor is shown in Fig. 10.71 (a). Voltage appearing across the emitter diode is denoted by VBE and that appearing across the…
Transistor Lead Identification and Testing: Transistor Lead Identification and Testing - After the transistor has been manufactured, as already discussed, leads of, typically, gold, aluminium, or nickel are then attached…
Ebers Moll Model for PNP Transistor: Device modelling aims at relating physical device parameters to device terminal characteristics. Device modelling is especially important for integrated circuits, since simple and accurate…
Important Points Regarding Working of Transistors: The noteworthy points regarding working of transistors are summarized below. 1. Current conduction in N-P-N transistor is by electrons and the conventional current flow…