Delta Modulation(DM): Delta modulation(DM) is process of modulation in which train of fixed width pulses is transmitted. Their polarity indicates whether the demodulator output should rise or fall at each…
Pulse Width Modulation(PWM): Pulse width modulation of PTM is also often called Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM). In this system, shown in Fig. 18.8, we have a fixed amplitude and starting…
What are Passive Filters?: Passive filters are mainly networks using inductors, capacitors and resistors. The classical theory employed was based on the image parameter theory which in turn was based…
pH Measurement Methods: pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the active hydrogen ion. It is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. The pH…
Integrating Type DVM (Voltage to Frequency Conversion): The principle of operation of an Integrating Type DVM is illustrated in Fig. 5.5. A constant input voltage is integrated and the slope…
Dual Slope Integrating Type DVM (Voltage to Time Conversion): Dual Slope Integrating Type DVM - In ramp techniques, superimposed noise can cause large errors. In the dual ramp technique, noise…
Average Responding Voltmeter and Peak Responding Voltmeter: A simplified version of a circuit used in a typical average responding voltmeter is given in Fig. 4.23. The applied waveform is amplified…
Equal Area Criterion in Power System: In a system where one machine is swinging with respect to an infinite bus, it is possible to study transient stability by means of…